Key Findings

• Nearly two-thirds of states (31 plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) have an Earned Income Tax Credit. These credits boost low-paid workers’ incomes and offset some of the taxes they pay, helping lower-income families achieve greater economic security.
• These state credits are usually built on the federal EITC, which delivered about $57 billion to 23 million working families and individuals in 2023. Along with the federal Child Tax Credit, the EITC lifted an estimated 6.4 million people out of poverty in 2023.
• To maximize the impact of their state credits, lawmakers should ensure the credit is fully refundable, structured with a robust matching percentage, made available to immigrant workers, and enhanced for older and younger workers without dependent children in the home. Other potential reforms to consider include enhancing the credit for extremely low-income families and enabling monthly payments in lieu of an annual lump sum.
• Post-2021, 17 states and the District of Columbia have enacted or expanded EITCs.
• Ten states – California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington – plus D.C. have made their credits more inclusive by extending eligibility to certain immigrant taxpayers who file taxes using Individual Tax Identification Numbers.
• Eight states – California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New Mexico – have extended eligibility to young workers without children in the home who receive little benefit from the existing federal credit. A few of those states have also extended eligibility to working seniors without children in the home.

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Introduction

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) boosts low-paid workers’ incomes and offsets some of the taxes they pay, helping lower-income families achieve greater economic security. The federal EITC has kept millions of Americans out of poverty since its enactment in the mid-1970s. Over the past several decades, the EITC’s effectiveness has been amplified as many states have enacted and strengthened their own credits. Since federal lawmakers allowed EITC expansions passed through the American Rescue Plan Act to lapse in 2022, 17 states and the District of Columbia have created or expanded state EITCs. This year, Colorado and Illinois became the most recent states to significantly expand their credits.

The EITC benefits low-income people of all races and ethnicities. It is particularly beneficial to Black and Hispanic communities where discrimination in the labor market, underfunded education systems, and countless other inequities have relegated a disproportionate share of people to low-paid jobs.

The effects of the EITC have been studied for decades, and research consistently shows that children whose families received the credit are more likely to graduate from high school, go to college, and be employed as adults.^[1] In addition to boosting financial security for working families with children, the EITC also improves health outcomes and is connected to a reduction in babies born with low birthweights.^[2] The positive effects of these credits are undeniable.

Proven and effective income supports like the EITC are more important than ever. Too many workers face low and slow-growing wages while simultaneously facing high costs for housing, child care, and other basic household expenses. In 41 states, low-income households also pay a higher share of their incomes in state and local taxes than the richest households.^[3] This leaves working families with even fewer resources to make ends meet and contributes to income and wealth inequality. Creating or expanding a state EITC can counteract this inequity in state tax codes.

Federal Earned Income Tax Credit Provides Income Boost to Millions

The federal EITC has been boosting the incomes of low-paid workers since 1975. Lawmakers have improved the credit over time so more working families can put food on the table, pay their bills, and be better positioned to secure economic stability.

The federal EITC delivered about $57 billion to 23 million working families and individuals in 2023 through claims on their 2022 tax returns.^[4] Used mostly as a source of temporary support, the EITC helps millions of families each year. The federal EITC, together with the federal Child Tax Credit, lifted an estimated 6.4 million people out of poverty in 2023.^[5]

While these data demonstrate the EITC’s poverty-reducing impact, a more robust EITC worked even better in 2021. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American Rescue Plan Act temporarily increased the federal EITC for low-paid workers without children in the home and made it more widely available by expanding age and income limits. These enhancements expired on January 1, 2022, though some members of Congress would like to revive them. The improved federal EITC delivered about $60 billion to 25 million working families and individuals in 2021. The stronger federal EITC, together with an enhanced federal Child Tax Credit in place for 2021, lifted an estimated 9.6 million people out of poverty in 2021 compared to 6.4 million in 2023.^[6]

The EITC is based on earned income like salaries and wages. For each dollar earned up to $17,400 in 2024, families with three or more children will receive a tax credit equal to 45 percent of those earnings, up to a maximum of $7,830. The credit is designed to boost incomes for low- and moderate-income workers, phasing out as incomes rise. Families are eligible for the maximum credit until income reaches $22,720 for single heads of household. Above this level, the credit gradually decreases and becomes unavailable when family income exceeds the maximum eligibility level. Single-parent households with three or more children earning $59,899 or more in 2024 are ineligible, as are married couples earning $66,819 or more. The credit is small and not widely available for workers without children in the home: the maximum credit for these workers is $632.

State Earned Income Tax Credits Help Low-Paid Workers and Improve State Tax Systems

In addition to helping working families afford child care, health care, housing, food, and other necessities, state EITCs improve state and local tax systems. Unlike federal taxes, state and local taxes as a whole are regressive, requiring low- and moderate-income families to pay a greater share of their incomes than wealthier taxpayers. The poorest 20 percent of Americans pay 11.4 percent of their incomes in state and local taxes. By contrast, middle-income taxpayers pay 10.5 percent, and the wealthiest 1 percent of taxpayers pay just 7.2 percent.^[7]

Regressive sales and property taxes (which all working families pay whether renting or owning property) create the high state and local tax rates faced by the poorest households. A refundable state EITC is among the most effective and targeted strategies to help offset these regressive taxes.

Refundability is vital because it ensures that workers and their families get the full benefit of the credit. Refundable credits do not depend on the amount of income taxes paid; rather, if the credit exceeds income tax liability, the taxpayer receives the excess as a refund. This makes these credits more effective at offsetting regressive sales and property taxes and at boosting incomes. This is essential because for lower-income families, sales and property taxes—not income taxes—make up the bulk of state and local taxes paid.

Nearly two-thirds of states (31 states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) offer EITCs (see Appendix). With a few exceptions (California, Minnesota, and Washington), taxpayers calculate their state EITC as a percentage of the federal credit. This makes it easy for people to claim the credit (since they have already calculated their federal credit) and straightforward for state tax administrators. There are, however, good reasons to decouple from aspects of the federal credit to strengthen the benefits to workers without children in the home, immigrants filing with Individual Taxpayers Identification Numbers (ITINs), and extremely low-income families.

States vary dramatically in the generosity of their credits. The EITC provided by the District of Columbia, for example, is 70 percent of the federal credit this year for most eligible families, increasing to 85 percent of the federal amount in 2025 and 100 percent in 2026 (matching its existing 100 percent credit for workers without dependents in the home).

Meanwhile, four states (Delaware, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Oregon) have refundable EITCs that are worth less than 10 percent of the federal credit for most families. Four other states (Missouri, Ohio, South Carolina, and Utah) allow only a nonrefundable credit, which limits the ability of the credit to offset regressive state and local taxes. Both Delaware and Virginia offer partial refundability which allows taxpayers to choose between a refundable or nonrefundable credit.

Recent Progress Toward Expanded EITCs

State lawmakers have made the creation and enhancement of EITCs a priority in recent years. The American Rescue Plan Act significantly expanded refundable credits like the EITC in 2021, and state lawmakers quickly understood the impact these boosted credits had in helping workers and families make ends meet. While federal lawmakers failed to expand these credits beyond 2021, state legislatures picked up the baton and began creating and improving state-level refundable credits. Since 2021, 17 states and the District of Columbia have enacted or boosted EITCs.

Two states – Colorado and Illinois – increased the size of their EITCs in 2024. Colorado’s EITC will match 50 percent of the federal credit in 2024. The credit is guaranteed to be at least 35 percent in 2025 and 25 percent in subsequent years, but could be as high as 50 percent depending on revenue growth. Illinois also expanded its EITC for families with children under 12. These households will receive a 20 percent boost to their state credit in 2024 and 40 percent in subsequent years. This adds up to a new federal match of 24 percent in 2024 for qualifying families and 28 percent in 2025 and beyond.^[8]

Best Practices to Improve Tax Equity

There are several best practices for states looking to increase the impact of
their EITCs:

• Make the credit fully refundable
• Structure the credit with a robust matching percentage
• Extend eligibility to ITIN filers
• Loosen restrictions on the age of eligible workers
• Increase the credit for workers without children in the home
• Boost the credit for extremely low-income families
• Consider monthly payment options

These actions can chip away at racial and wealth inequality, blunt some of the regressivity of state and local tax systems, and help families meet their basic needs. Lawmakers should enact and strengthen state EITCs with these concepts in mind.

In recent years, the District of Columbia and Washington state have exemplified EITC best practices. D.C. set the standard for boosting and expanding state credits to surpass the federal EITC (a move to 100 percent of the federal credit with ITIN and expanded income eligibility). Part of D.C.’s EITC will also be available to recipients in monthly payments. Washington, which lacks a state income tax, modeled its Working Families Tax Credit after the federal EITC and enhanced it by including immigrant families and allowing all families with any amount of earned income to qualify for the credit’s full value. The state has had an EITC on the books since 2008 but it was not until 2023 that lawmakers took steps to improve its structure and fully fund its implementation.

Expanding Eligibility to Immigrant Workers

Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) are tax processing numbers made available to certain immigrants, their spouses, and their dependents who do not have Social Security numbers. This allows these noncitizens who live and work in the United States to pay local, state, and federal taxes; our analysis found they contributed $96 billion in 2022.^[9]

Immigrant populations have often been excluded from key federal policies even when meeting other eligibility requirements. For example, the version of the tax code confronting noncitizen filers is actually harsher than the one faced by U.S. citizens.^[10] Among the reasons for this is the fact that noncitizens are barred from claiming the federal EITC.^[11]
While most states mirror this provision in their own tax codes, one-third of the states with EITCS have opted for a more inclusive approach that allows families filing with ITINs to claim the state EITC.

Since 2020, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia have adopted this reform, bringing the tax treatment of noncitizens more in line with the treatment of most other people living in the U.S.

Expanding Age Eligibility and Increasing the Credit for Childless Workers

A growing group of states has chosen to expand the EITC for workers without children in the home. While the federal EITC provides strong support to families with children, its impact is limited for those without children because the maximum credit is much smaller and the income limits are more restrictive. For instance, a worker without dependent children in the home who is working full-time at the federal minimum wage is ineligible for the EITC. Under the current federal income tax system, these low-paid workers are taxed deeper into poverty.

The temporary expansion to the federal EITC in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 expanded age eligibility to include both younger and older low-income workers without dependent children. That expansion was allowed to lapse, however, meaning that once again the federal EITC excludes people under age 25 and over age 64 unless they have children in the home. These workers include noncustodial parents, young workers getting a foothold in the job market, and older workers who need to work past the traditional retirement age and who often struggle to make ends meet.^[12] Because state EITCs are generally linked to the federal credit, these workers are excluded from most state EITCs as well.

Eight states now recognize the need to provide more young workers the benefits of the EITC. And three states have expanded access to include older workers (ages 65+) without dependent children in the home. Most of these credit expansions for childless workers occurred in the last few years.

In 2022, for instance, Illinois and Maine enhanced their credits to benefit workers without children in the home. Lawmakers in Illinois lowered the state’s minimum age of eligibility to 18 and expanded the credit to those 65 and older. Maine lawmakers doubled the credit size for their childless population from 25 to 50 percent of the federal level. In 2021, Maryland, New Jersey, and New Mexico permanently lowered the age floor on their existing credits to include 18- to 24-year-old workers without dependents. California and Maine also include workers between the ages of 18 to 24 without children in the home, while Colorado and Minnesota set their age eligibility floor at 19.

Other states have boosted the credit for childless workers, sometimes alongside age expansions. D.C. led the way in expanding eligibility for workers without children in the home. Since 2015, more of these workers qualify for the D.C. EITC, and receive a larger credit, thanks to higher income eligibility thresholds and a credit expanded to 100 percent of the federal amount. In 2023, Maryland chose to permanently expand its EITC for childless workers by removing the $530 cap on the credit while allowing childless workers to receive a 100 percent match.

While the federal EITC offers a strong starting point for state EITCs, state lawmakers should build on the credit’s success by expanding age eligibility and increase the credit for workers without children.

Local EITCs

A few localities have their own version of an EITC, most notably New York City, Maryland’s Montgomery County, and San Francisco.^[13] These are provided on top of state credits, delivering an added boost for low-income working families.
In New York City, a local EITC matches between 10 and 30 percent of the federal EITC, with the highest match rates to households with very low incomes. A low-income worker in New York City can receive a combined state and local boost worth up to 60 percent of the federal EITC.

In Montgomery County, a refundable EITC matches 25 percent of the federal EITC for families and 56 percent of the federal EITC for workers without children in the home. A low-income worker in Montgomery County can receive a combined refundable state and local boost worth 70 percent of the federal EITC for families with children and 156 percent of the federal EITC for workers without children. In addition, all Maryland counties and the city of Baltimore provide a nonrefundable EITC to offset local income taxes. The credits, like that of the state, include younger workers and ITIN filers.

In San Francisco, a local program offers $250 per household to families claiming the EITC. The San Francisco credit is available to workers with children in the home and provides the same amount for all family sizes. Families with ITIN filers who receive the California EITC are eligible.

State lawmakers should ensure that localities aren’t barred from creating their own EITCs, and local lawmakers should consider pursuing these credits to bolster the economic security of residents working low-paid jobs.

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APPENDIX A

• State Earned Income Tax Credits in 2025

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Endnotes

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